The launch of a new website presents a unique opportunity to construct a robust digital foundation. Integrating SEO keyword research from the outset is not merely a best practice, it is a critical prerequisite for long-term success. Information Architecture (IA) dictates how content is organised, labeled, and navigated on a website, profoundly impacting both user experience (UX) and search engine visibility. By aligning IA with keyword research, the website's structure can naturally reflect user search behavior and search engine understanding of topics, leading to enhanced discoverability, improved user journeys, and ultimately, higher conversion rates.
Step 1: Defining Your Digital Landscape – Understanding Your Niche and Audience
Before engaging with keyword tools, a foundational understanding of the target audience and business objectives is paramount. This initial phase establishes the strategic direction for all subsequent keyword research and IA decisions.
Understanding User Needs and Goals
The most critical aspect of website information architecture involves comprehending the identity of website visitors and their motivations for visiting.1 This fundamental understanding unlocks the entire strategic approach for website construction. User research, surveys, and analysis of existing site traffic (if applicable) can provide invaluable perspectives into the target audience's demographics, such as age, gender, education level, and geographic location, as well as their specific goals for interacting with the site.1 For instance, if the primary objective of users is to purchase products, the information architecture must be designed to facilitate easy product discovery and a streamlined purchasing process. Conversely, if users are seeking information, the IA should prioritise accessible and well-organised educational content.1
A deep comprehension of user needs and goals, extending beyond superficial demographic data, forms the bedrock of an effective information architecture. If the underlying purpose of the website's structure is not aligned with user expectations, the IA will inevitably frustrate visitors, leading to increased bounce rates and reduced engagement. This misalignment can occur regardless of how effectively keywords are integrated. Therefore, this initial user-centric approach is essential. It ensures that keyword research is not merely about identifying high-volume terms but about discovering terms that precisely align with actual user intent and their desired actions on the website. This proactive approach prevents the creation of a website that may rank well in search results but fails to convert visitors into customers or achieve other business objectives. It also highlights that IA is not solely a technical SEO concern but is deeply intertwined with user experience design.
Identifying Primary Themes and Core Topic
Based on the business's offerings and the identified user needs, it is crucial to define the broad subjects that the new website will encompass. These subjects serve as foundational "content pillars" that represent the core activities and expertise of the business.2 For example, a veterinary service might establish pillars such as "Canine activities," "Dog health," or "Puppy awakening".2 These pillars must possess economic value and directly relate to the products or services offered to effectively attract quality traffic and genuinely interested customers.2 The selection of these core topics is a strategic decision that will guide the entire content strategy and the hierarchical organisation of the website.
Understanding Search Intent and Its Types
Search intent categorises the underlying purpose behind a user's search query, a critical factor for aligning content with user expectations and informing the website's information architecture.3 There are four primary types of search intent:
- Navigational Intent: Users with navigational intent are attempting to reach a specific website or webpage (e.g., searching for "Amason" or "Instagram login").3 For a new website, this primarily concerns ensuring high visibility for the brand name itself.
- Informational Intent: Users exhibiting informational intent are seeking answers to questions, facts, or aiming to learn more about a particular topic (e.g., "How to braid hair," "What is turmeric?").3 Keywords with this intent often lead to the development of blog posts, comprehensive guides, or dedicated FAQ sections within the website's structure.
- Commercial Investigation Intent: This intent applies to individuals who plan to make a purchase in the near future and are utilising the internet to research their options, comparing products or services (e.g., "Nikon vs. Canon," "Best slow cookers," "Smartphone reviews").3 This type of query frequently informs the creation of comparison pages, detailed product reviews, or in-depth feature pages designed to aid decision-making.
- Transactional Intent: Users with transactional intent are ready to complete a purchase or undertake a specific action immediately (e.g., "Buy headphones," "Laptop student discount," "HBO free trial").3 These keywords directly map to specific product pages, service pages, or conversion-focused landing pages.
Beyond these four fundamental types, expanded "intent lenses" offer a more granular understanding of user motivation:
- Local Search Intent: Users are looking for something within a specific geographical area (e.g., "Gyms open now," "Gluten-free bakery in Charlottesville").4 This necessitates the creation of location-specific pages or sections within the IA.
- Educational Intent: Users are actively seeking educational content or resources (e.g., "Online courses for data science").4
- Visual Intent: Users are looking for images or videos to satisfy their query (e.g., "Hairstyle trends for short hair," "Funny dog videos").4
Optimising content with a precise understanding of search intent leads to higher engagement, reduced bounce rates, and increased conversions.4 The varied nature of search intent directly dictates the type and depth of content required, which in turn profoundly influences the information architecture. Transactional intent, for example, necessitates clear product or service pages positioned high in the website's hierarchy. Informational intent, conversely, requires a robust blog or resource section. Local intent demands geographically segmented pages or content. If the information architecture does not adequately cater to the primary intent associated with a particular keyword, users are likely to quickly abandon the page, signaling to search engines that the content is not relevant. This can negatively impact rankings. Therefore, the IA is not a static sitemap; it is a dynamic reflection of anticipated user journeys. A new website must anticipate these diverse journeys and construct dedicated pathways or sections for each intent type, potentially creating separate content hubs for products, blogs, and location-specific services.
Step 2: Initial Keyword Discovery – Building Your Seed List
With a clear understanding of the target audience and core themes, the subsequent step involves initiating the actual keyword discovery process.
Brainstorming Foundational Search Terms
The process begins with a collaborative brainstorming session involving the team, where all terms and phrases related to the business's products, services, and core themes are listed.7 These initial ideas serve as "seed keywords," which are broad terms designed to facilitate the discovery of a larger, more comprehensive set of related user queries.7 During this phase, it is advisable to be exhaustive, as a comprehensive initial list allows for more effective filtering and refinement in subsequent stages.
Leveraging Initial Keyword Research Tools
Following the brainstorming session, professional keyword research tools—such as Semrush, Ahrefs, Mos, Ubersuggest, or Rellify—are employed to validate and expand upon the initial findings.5 These tools provide crucial metrics for each keyword identified:
- Search Volume: An estimated number of monthly searches for a given term, indicating its popularity and potential for driving organic traffic.5
- Keyword Difficulty (KD): A score, typically ranging from 0 to 100, that quantifies the challenge of ranking for a particular term. This metric assesses the strength and authority of existing competing pages.5 Lower scores are generally more favorable for new or smaller websites.6 Some advanced tools may offer a "Personal Keyword Difficulty" (PKD) metric, which provides a more accurate assessment by factoring in the website's current domain authority and backlink profile.6
- Competition (PPC): This metric, relevant for paid advertising, indicates the level of competition among advertisers for a specific keyword.
- CPC (Cost Per Click): The average cost an advertiser pays for a single click on an ad associated with the keyword.10
The focus during this phase should be on selecting keywords that are closely aligned with the services offered and demonstrate a favorable balance between search volume and competitive difficulty.7
Step 3: Strategic Insights – Conducting a Competitor Keyword Analysis
Understanding the strategies of competitors, both their successes and their shortcomings, provides invaluable strategic direction for the new website's information architecture.
Identifying Direct and Indirect SEO Competitors
The process commences by compiling a list of 5-10 websites that represent the primary competitors within the industry or niche.8 This list should encompass both direct competitors, who offer similar products or services, and indirect competitors, who may offer different products but still contend for the attention and resources of the same target audience.8 Key considerations for identifying these competitors include websites that target similar keywords, offer overlapping content, or serve as established performance benchmarks within the industry.9
Techniques for Uncovering Competitors' Ranking Keywords and Content Strategies
Once competitors are identified, keyword research tools such as Ahrefs or Semrush are used to gather data on the keywords for which these competitors currently rank.8 By entering a competitor's domain into the tool's Site Explorer, various metrics, including their total number of ranking keywords and organic search traffic, can be reviewed.9 Navigating to "Top Pages" or "Positions" reports within these tools allows for the identification of keywords for which competitors rank, particularly those within the Top 50 Google results.9 These lists should then be exported for comprehensive analysis.9
A crucial component of this analysis is reviewing the type of content (e.g., blog posts, landing pages, product descriptions) that competitors are creating around these keywords.8 Evaluating how effectively their content aligns with their targeted keywords can reveal opportunities to incorporate keywords more effectively or to provide a superior user experience on the new website.8 This detailed content analysis goes beyond mere keyword identification, offering a deeper understanding of successful content formats and approaches within the competitive landscape.
Identifying Keyword Gaps and Opportunities
All collected competitor keywords are then compiled into a single, comprehensive "seed list".9 This master list is subsequently analysed to identify opportunities to outperform existing competitors.8 The focus is on discovering keywords that exhibit lower competition or higher relevance to the target audience, which competitors may not be adequately addressing.8
This seed list is then re-entered into a keyword research tool, and suggestions are filtered by keyword difficulty.9 A specific objective is to uncover "keyword gaps", which are areas where competitors have not yet targeted relevant keyword variations.9 This analysis is not merely about identifying keywords to target, it is about recognising structural gaps in the market that the new website's information architecture can effectively fill. For example, if competitors lack comprehensive impact reports (indicative of informational intent) or a clearly defined services section (indicative of intent), this suggests an underserved user journey. By pinpointing these structural deficiencies, the new website's information architecture can be designed to explicitly cater to these unmet needs, creating dedicated categories, subcategories, or content hubs that differentiate the site. This approach moves beyond simply replicating successful keyword strategies to strategically distinguishing the website's fundamental structure, enabling a new website to gain a competitive advantage by offering a superior user experience and more complete topical coverage through its IA.
Step 4: Expanding Your Reach – Uncovering longtail Keywords and User Questions
While broad keywords define the main categories of a website, longtail keywords and question-based queries are vital for capturing highly specific user intent and driving qualified traffic. These terms often exhibit lower competition and possess a higher potential for conversion.5
Methods for Expanding Your Keyword List
Several effective methods can be employed to expand the initial keyword list, particularly focusing on longer, more specific phrases:
- Google Autocomplete: As terms are typed into Google's search bar, the autocomplete suggestions provide popular longtail keyword ideas that reflect actual user queries.5
- People Also Ask (PAA): This section, frequently found on Google Search Engine Results Pages (SERPs), presents a list of related questions commonly asked by users. These questions directly reveal specific user intent and informational needs.5
- Related Search Terms: Located at the bottom of Google SERPs, this section lists terms and phrases semantically related to the original query, offering additional longtail keyword ideas for content expansion.5
- Keyword Research Tools: Tools such as Semrush's Keyword Magic Tool allow for filtering results by word count (e.g., three or more words) and applying a "Questions" filter to specifically identify longtail queries.10 These tools are also essential for checking the search volumes and difficulty scores of these expanded terms.10
- Current Keyword Rankings (if applicable): For existing websites, platforms like Google Search Console or Semrush's Organic Research can reveal longtail keywords for which the site already ranks. Boosting these existing rankings is often more efficient than attempting to secure new ones.10
- Competitors' Keyword Rankings: Analysing competitor rankings can uncover low-volume, low-difficulty longtail keywords that may present untapped opportunities.10
- AI Chatbots & Online Communities: AI chatbots can generate creative keyword ideas, while platforms like Reddit and Quora are rich sources of unique, specific questions that users are actively asking, which may not appear in traditional keyword databases.10
Focusing on Longtail Variations and Question-Based Queries
longtail keywords are typically longer and more niche than broad terms, often characterised by significantly lower competition.6 They frequently reflect precise user problems or specific questions, making them highly valuable for attracting qualified traffic that is further along in the conversion funnel.5 When grouped together based on their underlying search intent, longtail keywords can collectively achieve high search volumes. This allows for reaching a larger audience by targeting these grouped keywords on a single, comprehensive page.10
The granular nature of longtail keywords and question queries directly informs the depth of a website's information architecture. This level of detail enables the creation of specific sub-pages or highly detailed sections within broader categories. For instance, if "how to change oil" is identified as a valuable longtail keyword, it suggests more than just a simple blog post. It may indicate the need for a dedicated sub-section under a "Vehicle Maintenance" category, with a specific URL path such as /vehicle-maintenance/oil-change-guide/. By identifying clusters of longtail keywords around specific questions, the information architecture can be designed to include dedicated pages that precisely answer these queries. This approach reduces the need for users to perform multiple searches, thereby significantly improving their experience. This level of detail in keyword research allows for the development of a "deep" information architecture, where users can easily navigate and drill down into highly specific topics. This not only satisfies precise user intent but also signals to search engines a high degree of topical authority and comprehensiveness, which is a significant factor in organic search rankings.
Step 5: Structuring for Authority – Grouping Keywords into Thematic Clusters
Once a comprehensive list of keywords has been compiled, the next crucial step involves organising them into logical groups, which will form the fundamental basis of the website's content and structural hierarchy.
Explaining the Concept of Keyword Clusters, Content Pillars, and Secondary Pages
The organisation of keywords into thematic groups is central to building a robust information architecture:
- Keyword Clusters (or Topic Clusters): These are cohesive groups of related keywords and content that revolve around a central, broad topic.2 They represent a comprehensive approach to covering a subject area.
- Content Pillars: These are foundational pages or sections that provide in-depth coverage of a broad subject that is essential to the business's activities.2 Content pillars serve as the central hub for a cluster, addressing topics that are core to the business and from which all other related content will derive.2 A well-developed pillar page, supported by numerous related content pieces, has the potential to rank for a wide array of queries.2
- Secondary Pages (or Cluster Pages): These are individual pages that delve into more specific, longtail aspects of the content pillar's subject.2 They offer detailed information, possess their own unique URLs, and serve to support the content pillar, driving additional traffic and engagement by exploring other relevant key phrases.2
Benefits of Clustering for SEO and User Experience
The strategic grouping of keywords into clusters yields significant advantages for both search engine optimisation and user experience:
- SEO Benefits:
- Improved Ranking for Content Pillars: Search engines, particularly Google, prioritise comprehensive and expert content. Keyword clusters signal to search engines a website's deep knowledge and authority on a particular subject, thereby enhancing the ranking potential of pillar pages.2
- Thematic Relevance: By creating interconnected content on related subjects, a website demonstrates genuine knowledge and expertise in its field, rather than merely pursuing traffic.2 This thematic depth is highly valued by search algorithms.
- Internal Linking: The carefully designed internal linking structure within clusters—linking from pillar pages to all secondary pages, from secondary pages to other relevant secondary pages, and from secondary pages back to the pillar—helps search engines understand the relationships between pages and effectively distributes "link equity" or "link juice," which collectively boosts overall SEO performance.2
- User Experience (UX) Benefits:
- Easy Navigation and Content Discovery: Clusters enable users to navigate the website with ease, facilitating the discovery of all related content on a specific theme. This organised structure provides an enriching and intuitive user experience.2
- Comprehensive Information: Users can obtain detailed information on a subject without the need to perform multiple searches, as all related content is interconnected and readily accessible within the cluster.2
Developing a Pillar and Cluster Strategy Aligned with Business Offerings
A pivotal decision in this phase is whether to create one ultimate guide designed to rank for many different head terms, or to develop separate pieces of content for related keywords that possess unique search intent.11 While a single comprehensive guide can provide a high-level overview, publishing separate, more specific posts often aligns more precisely with unique search intent and can yield a stronger return on investment, as they are often easier to produce and can rank effectively without extensive backlinks.11
The content pillars chosen must directly relate to the business's products or services and hold demonstrable economic value for the company.2 Furthermore, the business must possess the necessary authority and expertise to discuss these subjects credibly; search engines prioritise content created by recognised experts.2 Keywords are then grouped into a hierarchical structure: individual keywords (unique terms) form the basis for blog posts (groups of longtail keywords around a head term), which in turn form topic clusters (groups of blog posts around a pillar page), all falling under broader categories (the widest grouping of topic clusters).11 This systematic organisation establishes a clear taxonomy for the website.
The strategic choice between a single "ultimate guide" (representing a broad pillar) versus multiple specific cluster pages has profound implications for the depth and breadth of the website's information architecture and how search engines perceive its topical authority. This decision is not merely a content choice; it is an architectural one. A single, exhaustive guide might result in a very long page with numerous internal jumps, whereas a strategy of separate posts implies a deeper, multi-level hierarchy. Opting for separate, specific cluster pages often leads to a more granular information architecture, characterised by more distinct URLs and clearer topical segmentation. This approach allows for better targeting of unique search intents and can simplify the process for search engines to crawl and understand the site's comprehensive coverage of a topic. This decision impacts the overall "shape" of the website. A new website can strategically choose to build a "wide" IA with many shallow pillars or a "deep" IA with fewer, very comprehensive pillars supported by numerous detailed cluster pages. The choice should be driven by the competitive landscape, the complexity of the topics, and the anticipated user journeys.
Step 6: Blueprinting Your Website – Mapping Keyword Clusters to Information Architecture
This is the pivotal step where the insights from keyword research are directly translated into the structural blueprint of the new website. Information architecture is fundamentally concerned with how content is structured and categorised to facilitate successful navigation for users.13
Core of the IA: Hierarchies and Taxonomies
The foundation of effective information architecture rests upon two core organisational principles:
- Hierarchies: Hierarchical organisation is a virtual necessity for web content, moving from the broadest overview (the homepage) down through increasingly specific submenus and content pages.13 Information is categorised and ranked by importance, with general concepts positioned higher in the hierarchy and more specific details placed lower.13 This creates a tree-like structure that is familiar and intuitively understandable to most users.13
- Taxonomies: Taxonomy refers to the science and practice of classification. In the context of IA, this involves the hierarchical organisation of content categories using a consistent, carefully designed set of descriptive terms and labels, often referred to as a "controlled vocabulary".13 This consistent vocabulary is foundational for content organisation, the user interface, standard navigation links across all pages, and the website's underlying file and directory structure.13
Assigning Primary and Secondary Keywords to Proposed Website Pages
For each keyword cluster identified in the preceding steps, a primary keyword is designated for the main pillar page. The remaining related terms, including synonyms and variations, are then assigned as secondary keywords for the supporting cluster pages within that thematic group.7 If a second distinct focus keyword emerges within a cluster, it warrants careful consideration as to whether it justifies the creation of a new, dedicated page to more effectively serve its specific search intent.7 This granular assignment ensures that each page has a clear purpose and targets specific user queries.
Developing a Logical, Hierarchical Website Structure Based on Keyword Clusters
The content pillars naturally form the high-level navigation categories of the website, often serving as the main menu items. The secondary pages within each cluster then become sub-categories or individual content pages, logically nested under their respective pillars. This approach creates a clear, multi-tiered hierarchical or tree architecture for the website.13 For a new website, thorough keyword research is instrumental in forming coherent categories and subcategories that are easily navigable by both search engine bots and human users.7 This structured approach ensures that the website's organisation is intuitive and optimised for discoverability.
Planning for Intuitive URL Structures and Internal Linking Opportunities
Careful planning of URL structures and internal linking is crucial for SEO and user experience:
- URL Structure: This is an opportune moment to define the target URLs for each page. It is advisable to include the primary keyword in the URL, as studies suggest that pages with keywords in their URLs can generate more traffic.7 URLs should be kept short, descriptive, and utilise hyphens for readability and user-friendliness.8
- Internal Linking: A robust internal linking strategy is essential within and between keyword clusters. Links should be established from pillar pages to all secondary pages within their group, and secondary pages should also link to each other where relevant.2 Additionally, it is critical to link from relevant content clusters to product or service pages to guide potential buyers and enhance traffic to conversion-focused areas.2 Descriptive anchor text, incorporating target keywords, should be used for internal links, avoiding generic phrases.11 Effective internal linking aids search engines in discovering pages and understanding their thematic relevance, distributing authority throughout the site.10
The mapping process transforms abstract keyword data into a concrete, navigable user journey, revealing how different pieces of content will interrelate and support each other. It is not merely about creating individual pages, but about establishing clear pathways for users. For instance, the IA, informed by keyword clusters, pre-defines how a user might move from a broad informational query on a pillar page to a specific transactional one on a product page. A well-mapped IA, characterised by clear hierarchies and strategic internal linking, significantly reduces user friction, allowing them to find desired information or products more quickly. This efficiency leads to lower bounce rates and increased time spent on the site. For search engines, this structured internal linking signals topical depth and authority, which can boost rankings for the entire cluster of content. The "Keyword-to-IA Mapping Table" (detailed below) serves as the central blueprint, compelling a holistic view of the website. It ensures that every content idea is integrated and that each page serves a clear purpose within the larger IA, directly addressing a specific user intent identified through keyword research. This proactive planning prevents the formation of content silos and ensures that SEO efforts are seamlessly integrated from the initial stages of website development.
Must-Have Table: Keyword-to-IA Mapping Table
This table serves as the central blueprint for the new website's information architecture, directly linking keyword research insights to proposed page structures. It provides a clear, actionable framework for content creation and development teams.
Without a clear map, keyword research often remains a separate exercise from website development, leading to disjointed content and an unoptimised information architecture. This table addresses that challenge by forcing the integration of keyword data with structural decisions, where each row represents a planned page or section. This approach ensures that every page has a defined purpose, identified by its primary keyword and intent, and fits coherently into a larger thematic cluster. This proactive planning prevents content overlap or "cannibalisation" issues that can arise later. By including metrics like search volume and keyword difficulty, the table allows for strategic prioritisation of content creation, enabling teams to focus on "quick wins" (low difficulty, decent volume) or high-value pillar content. For development and content writing teams, it provides a clear guide for URL structures, page titles, and the overall content hierarchy, streamlining the entire build process. Furthermore, it functions as a living document, capable of continuous updates and re-evaluation as the
Step 7: Activating Your Strategy – On-Page Content Integration and Optimisation
With the information architecture blueprint finalised, the crucial final step before launching the website is to ensure that all content is meticulously optimised to leverage the insights from keyword research and structural planning.
Incorporating Keywords Naturally into On-Page Elements
Strategic and natural incorporation of keywords into various on-page elements is vital for search engine visibility and user engagement:
- Page Titles and Meta Descriptions: Compelling page titles (ideally 50-60 characters) and meta descriptions (150-160 characters) should be crafted to include the primary keyword. These elements are the first impression in search results and must encourage clicks.8
- Headings (H1, H2, H3): The primary keyword should be naturally integrated into the H1 (main heading), while secondary keywords are strategically placed within H2 and H3 tags. This not only structures the content logically and improves scannability for users but also reinforces the topical relevance for search engines.8
- Body Content: Keywords must be incorporated organically throughout the body content. The priority should always be on natural language and providing helpful information, rather than exact keyword matching or excessive keyword stuffing.5 Content should focus on delivering unique, valuable information that precisely addresses the user's needs and questions.10
- Alt Text: Descriptive and relevant keywords should be used for image alt text, ensuring accuracy in representing the image content for accessibility and search engine understanding.8
Emphasising the Creation of High-Quality, Comprehensive Content that Satisfies User Intent
The effectiveness of a meticulously planned information architecture is ultimately validated by the quality and relevance of the content it houses. A symbiotic relationship exists between structure and content. The content developed should be comprehensive and offer superior value compared to competitor content.8 The aim is to cover topics thoroughly, addressing common questions and providing actionable insights that genuinely benefit the user.8
The focus must be on solving user problems and delivering valuable information, as search engines prioritise user experience above all else.5 A perfectly structured IA with poor or unhelpful content will inevitably fail, as users will quickly bounce, signaling to search engines that the page is not relevant or valuable, leading to demotion in rankings. Conversely, high-quality, intent-matching content acts as the fuel for a strong IA. Content that truly solves user problems 5 and provides comprehensive value 8 will naturally attract backlinks and improve engagement metrics, thereby reinforcing the effectiveness of the IA. Incorporating elements that boost user engagement, such as high-quality visuals, multimedia, and interactive components, is also crucial.8 Furthermore, ensuring that webpages load quickly is paramount, as page speed directly impacts user experience and, consequently, search rankings.8 This step underscores that SEO and information architecture are not one-time setup tasks but require continuous effort in content creation and refinement. The IA guides content development, and the quality of the content validates the IA's design, creating a positive feedback loop for sustained organic performance.
Conclusion: The Dynamic Nature of SEO and IA
The process of integrating SEO keyword research with information architecture for a new website is a foundational undertaking that significantly influences its long-term success. This comprehensive guide has detailed a systematic approach, beginning with a deep understanding of user needs and search intent, progressing through meticulous keyword discovery and competitor analysis, and culminating in the strategic mapping of content clusters to a logical, hierarchical website structure. The emphasis throughout has been on creating an architecture that not only facilitates search engine discoverability but also provides an intuitive and enriching user experience.
It is imperative to recognise that SEO keyword research and information architecture are not static, one-off tasks. Instead, they represent ongoing processes that demand continuous monitoring, evaluation, and adaptation. User behavior, keyword trends, and search engine algorithms are in a constant state of evolution, necessitating regular review and updates to both the keyword map and the website's information architecture.1 By embracing this dynamic approach, a new website can remain fresh, relevant, and optimally configured for sustained organic growth and the maximisation of its return on investment in the ever-changing digital landscape.
Works cited
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